Parafoveal and foveal processing are compared when no other concurrent task is required (e.g., in single-word recognition tasks) and when both are required simultaneously (e.g., during reading). The present review summarizes research investigating how words are identified parafoveally (and foveally) in reading. We propose that early semantic facilitation arises due to syntactic gender reactivation, and that antecedent retrieval varies cross-linguistically depending on the type of information relevant to the grammar of each language. In English, readers did not immediately show either semantic or phonological effects specific to coreference. In German, we found early sensitivity to the semantic but not to the phonological features of the pronoun’s antecedent. We used eye-tracking while reading to examine whether antecedent retrieval involves rapid semantic and phonological reactivation. In contrast, in languages without syntactic gender such as English, lexical retrieval might be unnecessary. As syntactic gender is assumed to be stored in the lexicon, this has motivated the claim that pronouns in these languages reactivate the lexical entry of their antecedent noun. Previous studies have shown that speakers of languages such as German, Spanish, and French reactivate the syntactic gender of the antecedent of a pronoun to license gender agreement.
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